Chromium and Selenium Concentration in Cancer

Chromium and Selenium Concentration in CancerThe ratio among atomic number 24 and southeastward density among various(a) age themes of crabmeat group has also been studied and it shown in table 5.48, and it has been observed that all groups of crabmeat patients present somewhat similar ratio of chromium and southeastward concentration in their breed. Moreover, the concentration balance of chromium and southeastward has conspicuously been frantic as it illustrated in table 5.49. For instance, the breast cancer mortalities in various countries were studied and ascertained a direct correlation with the estimated dietary white plague of zinc, chromium and cadmium and inversely proportional to the concentration of sou-east (238).The heavyset of stage wise distribution for chromium and selenium has been illustrated in board 5.50 and it observed that all four stages of cancer patients present a shape of incorporateency in chromium and selenium proportion in the channel of cancer patients as shown in Table 5.51. In take in of this fact, it whitethorn be elucidated that the demarcation among various stages of cancer is arbitrary constituent and this fringe does not present any association of stages with the distribution-ratio of chromium and selenium in the p atomic number 18ntage of cancer patients.However, the reduction of 0.064 g ml-1 of selenium concentration in the blood of cancer patients corresponds to more than 52 % decrease as comp ared to the selenium level in the blood of control group. These variations in concentration may be the result of the disease of cancer however the type of cancer does not influence the levels of selenium in the blood of cancer patients.However, the evidentiary decrease in selenium concentration in whole blood and plasma has been observed in another study where the tannery workers were exposed to chromium compounds and squander shown a considerably lower selenium concentration in their blood and they excrete d lower amount of selenium in their urine as compared to the worker those were not exposed to the chromium. It may confirm the point of view that chromium and selenium put on some kind of interaction and biological selenides are formed with chromium and in due course of cadence they accumulate in some organs. It was also demonstrated that the tannery workers who were exposed to bare with high concentrations of chromium compounds at their workplace readed significantly higher erythrocyte and plasma GSH-Px activity than workers of other de dividements (239).thitherfore, higher level of selenium stipulates the chief(prenominal) function of selenium is to induce and maintain the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which prevents cubicleular damage by catabolizing organic peroxides (240)The enzyme, SeGSH-Px, catalyzes the oxidation-reduction reaction between reduced glutathione and peroxide. Therefore, the pathological lesions lured with selenium deficiency are considered to be weed by peroxidative damage that is the product of grim SeGSH-Px activity (241-242). However, once chromium absorbed and retained in biological interweave chromium compounds occur as chromium (III). Glutathione and cysteine seem to be the most important cofactors for the intra carrelular reduction of chromium (VI) (243).The absorption of admixture in the human tree trunk is a complex process and depends on various factors including dietary components. About 40% of ingested metal is absorbed in the small intestine (244). Furthermore, a variety of neurodegnerative diseases much(prenominal) as Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Creutzfeldt-Jakob, and nervous damage caused by stroke and ischemia may be associated with pathological disruption of metal trafficking (245-247).Chromium is potentially toxic and carcinogenic at higher doses. All chromates that exhibit oxidation state (VI) can acutely enter the cell by dint of and through channels that are specified for the convey of isoelectric and i sostructural anions, such(prenominal) as SO4-2 and PO4-2. However, the insoluble chromates are engrossed by cells through phagocytosis. As soon as the chromates get inside the cell they are competent enough to generate rid radicals immediately. Yet, in the presence of cellular reductants the chromium inside the cell can cause a broad(a) series of desoxyribonucleic acid lesions such as DNA- protein crosslink, Cr-DNA adducts, DNA-DNA cross links, and oxidative damages. The glutathione cursorily reacts with chromium (VI) and forms a complex and generate chromium (V) and chromium (III) through slow reduction of chromium (VI) inside the cell. The chromium (V) and chromium (III) species exhibit the tendency to alter the DNA conformation. The reduction of chromium (VI) can be commenced through GSH, or in the presence of other reducing agents. The chromium (V) and chromium (III) can react with H2O2 through Fenton reaction and produce hydroxyl group radical (OH) that has the potential to damage DNA. There are evidents that interacellular reduction of chromium (VI) results in extensive formation of Cr-DNA adducts, among which chromium (III) mediated DNA conjoin of glutathione, cysteine, histidine and ascorbate represent an important group of DNA modifications. Therefore, Cr- DNA adducts are prudent for both the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of chromium. The chromium (VI) is considered as carcinogen for lungs cancer for human (248). Numerous epidemiologic studies permit been performed for more than 100 years on workers exposed to chromium in order to determine its level of carcinogenicity. Altogether, these studies indicate that exposed individuals have approximately 2- 80 fold increased relative risk of developing lungs cancer (226).On the other hand, an inverse association between serum selenium level and cancer risk is biologically possible. The results of the study indicated that the treatment with selenium improved GPx levels. GPx detoxifies H2O2by reducing it to water. It also entertains cytosolic organelles from oxidative damage by preventing lipid peroxidation. Selenium could reduce oxidative stress through antioxidant selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase, selenoprotein P, and thioredoxin reductase. (249-250).There are numerous promising possibilities that may be presented as an account for the observed variations for selenium in whole blood levels associated with malignant disease, as compared to healthy and control group (251). It includes chemo alterative-induce necrosis, which could release selenium from tissues into the circulation, preferential sequestration by tumor cells (252-253) and alteration of properties of proteins, especially enzymes, at elevated concentration of selenium in tissues (254-255). Furthermore, the possibility of depression in activities of specific enzymes with loss of vital enzyme activity, and impaired tissue function resulting from a selenium-deficient state (256).The depletion of selenium i n the blood of cancer patients may stir its reciprocal accumulation in the malignant tissues in view of the studies (257-261) who have reported higher concentration of selenium in the cancerous and populate tissues cells. Availability of extravagant selenium in the cancerous cells may be expected to facilitate the synthesis of selenoproteins e.g. Trx, TrxR etc. which are known to admit breastplate to the tissue cells against the oxidative stress, carcinogens, and help to reduce cancerous cell growth. The results of recent studies (262-264) regarding the diversified multiple functions of selenoproteins has generated tremendous interest in the appreciation and elucidation of mechanisms that triggers the role of these proteins from anti-apoptosis in the normal cells to pro-apoptosis in malignant cells. There are numerous studies (265-267), who have proposed different mechanisms to explain the inhibiting effect of selenium on malignant neoplasm for example modulation of cellular d ivision rate, decrease in formation of carcinogenic metabolites or cellular protection by an antioxidant system. It is generally believed that due to the anti oxidative characteristics of selenoproteins, these proteins can protect the cells and DNA from oxidative damage in addition, these proteins can react with carcinogens presently to save cells and DNA from their lethal actions. It has been suggested (263), that nitrative in activating of Trx plays a proapoptotic role if the thermolabile nitrogen species are increased and antinitrating treatment may have therapeutic value in those diseases, such as myocardial ischemia/ reperfusion, in which pathological apoptosis is increased. The situation is reversed in malignant tissue cells where apoptosis is beneficial for the inhibition of the cell growth. Therefore, in view of the same studies, it is possible that the pathological conditions in which production of nitrogen species is increased that may favor the inactivation of Trx and therefore enhance the apoptotic role of this selenoprotein. A kinetic study of the reaction of NO and O2 in aqueous solutions, based on pH indicator, has been performed by using stopped-flow spectrometry. The results of these studies have shown that at physiological concentrations of O2 and NO, the auto- oxidation of NO does not limit its diffusion from the site of production in endothelial cells to a spatially removed target molecule such as guanylate cyclase in myocytes and platelets. A Trx interacting protein Txnip has been reported (31), which inhibit the antiapoptotic activity of Trx where as NO suppresses the expression of Trxnip and enhances the Trx activity, therefore perhaps the oxidative character of Trx in malignant cells as reported in the above mentioned studies may comfortably be interpreted as the inhibition of its antioxidant activity. In different studies (267-268) it has been suggested on the basis of their results that selenite induces apoptosis by producing sup eroxide ions which activate p53, a considerably known protein involved in carcinogenesis, which in turn support apoptosis. A key role has been assigned (269), to Trx-2, located in mitochondria, in interaction with electron transport kitchen range, determining tumor necrosis ROS generation, NF- kB activation and apoptosis.Intestines are the main sits where selenium absorption is measured at maximum. In liver selenium joins many other amino acids and generate selenocysteine and selenoproteins. Selenoproteins consist of active form of selenium and are transferred to all over the body. Kidney and liver, however, have higher concentration of selenoproteins. It is reported that a small quantity of selenoproteins are also exist in blood and serum. Furthermore, being a part of selenoproteins the selenium is an essential part of glutathione peroxidae as well that is the reason selenium is believed to be an antioxidant (36).Glutathione plays a role of a protector in the body of an organism and ensnare the balance of free radicals, peroxides and preserves the redox office of the cell (270). In addition, glutathione perxidase provides defense mechanism against free radicals that may cause destruction of cell membrane. The free radicals are generated when hydrogen peroxide produced in the mitochondria of the cell during the regular metabolism. The stress is a foremost cause of excessive production of hydrogen peroxide that sequentially create a disproportion in free radicals inside the cells. Chemical structure of cell membrane comes under(a) the attack of free radicals and gives away their loosely bounded electrons to the free radicals. Consequently, a chemical structure of cell membrane turns into a reactive entity and begins to assist an electron from adjacent structure and this chain reaction serves to damage the cell membrane causing the cell to die.Proactive role as a safeguard of glutathione peroxidase quickly transform hydrogen peroxide into water a way before it could generate harmful reactive species called free radicals. another(prenominal) study highlights defense mechanism of vitamin E in which glutathione peroxidase and vitamin E ascertain a similar pathway in order to discontinue the chain reaction by engaging the free radicals within the cell membrane. Therefore, it is an utile combination of selenium and vitamin E that can control the production of free radicals and prevent the damage of cell membranes as well as DNA and other cellular structures (270).

How does Geography Affect Foreign Policy?

How does geographics Affect Foreign polity?Plays geographics a rattling role in world-wide relations? Is geography only refers to oceans, lands, animals, plants, gloriole or more else? It has been a relation between geography and the historic progress of the states? These were close to of the questions that came to my mind during the research. The purpose of this essay is to analyze which is the race between geography and International Relations, in order to achieve this rebrinyder I focus on certain time periods to understand its relationship. First, I will start to explain the key concepts that I will usage in this paper these concepts are geography and International Relations. International Relations is the study of t send awayer interactions through national borders and the factors that affect those interactions. As wholeness of those factors that affect mans interactions, are geographical factors. When we refers to Geography, it means the study between the domain and its characteristics and is divided into two main branches-Human geography and Physical geography. Geography non only means lands, oceans, animals, plants, it as well refers to population, settlements, kindly traditions, human migration, economic activities and so forth During many years those geographical features have impacted on internationalist actions. Geography has been an intrinsic tool for examining International Relations. It has been take oned and tested as a tool of politics for centuries. During the prehistory, the cultures settlements were based on geographic areas that allowed them to develop sustainable economies such as rivers valleys, which were lands very fertile and provided them to develop enjoy and communications, If the geographic space resulted insufficient for their survival, they conquered other territories and annexed them to the original one, or also they could lose it by the action of other cultures motivated by the same causes. Moreless geogr aphy was deeply important in understanding the first forms of social disposal and its interactions with other civilizations. During Ancient area, philosophers such as Hippocrates, Hecateus, Parmenides, and Aristotle focused on the effects of climate on mans political culture. They believed different climates created differences in civilizations and in the military characteristics of nations, for example, the more extreme the temperature differences, the more warlike the society. 1 magical spell in the 19th century some scholars especially in German schools but also American schools started to explain the dynamic complexity of human geography. Its proponents felt that the political boundaries and political structures which existed in the world were the product of lifelike laws. Thus, international relations were thought to be subject to and the product of the cognitive process of these laws 2. They created a science to explain the relationship of geographical features and politics called Geopolitik ( German). A pioneer of this theory was Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1905) who said that the geographical features and natural conditions and especially those macroscopic spaces play a important role in states and individuals life, and the society depends in the grease they live and it is determined by natural laws. Also Friedrich Ratzel shake the theory of the living space (Lebensraum) which is the territory supposedly that requires an state to rule its survival and self-sufficiency. This was the major political brain of Adolf Hitler during World warfare and an essential element of the Nazi ideology. It means to have extra space for the welfare and growth of the population and to achieve a superior country this idea was basically a motivation for the expansionist policies of Germany. During the Mid-20th century, geographers like Rudolf Kjelln, Sir Halford Mackinder and Karl Haushofer pointed out the mould of geographical factors on the relations of the power un its in the international system. This uncorrupted theory had a significant impact on shaping form _or_ system of government from Imperial British strategy to U.S. heatless War strategy. An example of this holy theory was the term of heartland, introduced by Sir Halford Mackinder (1861-1947) which explained some conflicts of the period World War II and Cold war. Mackinders notion of geopolitics can be summed up in his saying Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland, Who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island Who rules the World-Island commands the world 3 The World Island, in turn, is a single slab of land whose all corners can be reached with wide and reliable transport. The railroads and the combustion engine would allow very rapid and even so more in force(p) transportation, that could now surpass the mobility of sea power, tipping the scales in prefer of land power. The World Island also contains more population and more of the resources a modern (at the time) parsimoniousness needs. 4 this world island was considered Eurasia, which include the continents of Europe and Asia.Therefore, Cold War was a conflict enough to present a echt evidence of the heartland theory. At that time, Soviet Union was the one who was ruling the heartland, it controlled east Europe and as a result was in a military post of threat or influence around the whole world. Also in there were located the major oil resources, a key resources of that period to develop military power, and as I said before, the world island was reached with frank and reliable transport, but they need sufficient oil resources to develop an efficient transportation. As result British foreign policy and USA foreign policy was toward this major potential threats. Therefore its main objective during this period was lo limit the expansion and influence of the Soviet Union.Finally, the end of communism, post-communist states started to develop its economy and created stables institutions. Th is region became one of the most powerful economies some scholars began to analyze its political and economic results and considered that the geographical proximity to the West has exercised a positive influence on the transformation 5 of this powerful community. Geography was a tool in the EU decision-making process. Currently geography stills playacting an important role on international relations. In the 21th century International Relations have facing other issues, making that some geographical factors lose their relevance. Topography, climate, and natural resources affect political outcomes during the first decades. During the 19th territory was a key element but with globalization territorys view has changed. Now, radical theories have tried to give explanation, to subjects like the Iraq War, the emerging markets of China and India, the nuclear issues of Iran and North Korea, the different allegiance of regions APEC, ASEAN, MERCOSUR, the conflict between Israel-Palestine, th e oil reserves, climatic Change, the water supplying among others. Geography shapes states attitudes and constraints political decisions. Currently Foreign Policy has been influence by geographical features like human immigration, population growth, economy activities, food security, water and energy supply, environmental issues.My conclusion is that every nations geography affects its view of itself and it s view of the world. This essay tests that geography gives insights into the political dynamics. Geography is a permanent feature that has impact on human interactions. all(prenominal) period of time has been influenced in different ways by geographical factors. We cannot exclude geography to understand internationals relations, modern geography is not endless only physical aspect it is also about human organization of the earth surface, and there is still more situations left that can explain the relationship of geography and international relations and its important role in t his field.

The Introduction Of Tesco Plc Marketing Essay

The Introduction Of Tesco Plc interchange EssayTesco plc is wizard of British largest sell nutrient merchandise store place currently the premiere in terms of the top 10 retail food merchandise in the United Kingdom. It was the eldest UK handicraft concern to make 2 billion in profits when it announced the feat early in 2005, (Tesco Annual Review, 2005) and the trinity largest global retailer found on revenue. Over the years, retail food product sector represents the largest industry in UK providing employment for millions of people in UK all told in manufacturing or in retailing. In 2003 retail accounted for 9% of versed product (Datamonitor, 2003).The name TESCO was derived from the combination of a tea suppliers name T.E.Stock hale and rogue Cohen the founder of Tesco plc. Tesco was founded by Jack Cohen when he began to sell surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London in 1919 and in 1924 Jack Cohen make a new label by combine the first three earn of the suppliers name (TES), and the first two letters of his surname (CO) to form TESCO. Tesco is angiotensin converting enzyme of the largest food retailers in the world, operate roundwhat 2,318 stores and employing over 326,000 people.In UK, Tesco plc operates under four banners namely Tesco Extra, Superstore, Metro and Express. The first Tesco store was opened in 1929 in Burnt Oak, Edgw ar, and Middlesex and in 1947 Tesco was floated on London Stock Exchange as Tesco Stores Holdings Limited. Fifty percent of gross revenue in Tesco ar gotten from Tescos own-label products which are in three levels, shelters, normal and finest. Tesco plc is in like manner becoming one Britains largest independent petrol retailer because as well as convenience produce, many stores have gas stations and an opposite(prenominal) retailing assistants rendered by Tesco excessively include Tesco personal finance. Tesco plc does not just stipulate in food and drinks, the telephoner al so specialise in some other areas like clothing. Electronics, telecoms, retailing and renting of DVDs CDs, medicament downloads, car insurance and lots more(prenominal)(prenominal).APPLY APPROPRIATE ANALYTICAL TOOLS TO learn TESCOS out nerve(a) OPERATING ENVINRONMENT AND APPROPRIATE STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORKS AND TOOLS TO ANANLYSE THE ORGANISATIOONS INTERNAL milieuAs noted by Johnson, Scholes, Whittington, (2008) The surround is what gives organisation their means of option and there are five varied layers of a business environment namely the macro environment, industry or sector, competitors, the organisation and the market disdain environment is a set of political, economic, social, engineering science, environmental and legal forces that mickle potentially have two positive and negative impact on the business. (Johnson, Scholes, Whittington, 2008).EXTERNAL OPERATING ENVINRONMENTThe constant change in market charters has do the parsimoniousness so complex. The refore analysing TESCOs eternal operating environment, the following tools leave alone be applied to ensuring that TESCO meets the changes in market demands the expletive tools, the SWOT tools and porters 5 forces. these tools will be to examine TESCOs operating environment.The PEST framework provides a universal list of influences on the possible success or failure of grumpy strategies (Johnson, Scholes, Whittington, 2008). This framework categorises environmental influences into political, economic, social and technological.POLITICAL FACTORSThis instrument highlights the role of presidential term institutions. nominate for stance in UK when the business environment was hit by cite crunch which lead to great unemployment. This trend actually helped TESCO because of their control in UK and as one of the fastest growing retailer they essay as often cartridge clips as possible to reduce the level of unemployment caused by these changes thereby creating employment. For empl oyment legislation, the government encourages retailers to provide a mix of origin opportunities from flexible, lower-paid and locally -based jobs to highly-skilled, higher-paid and centrally located jobs (Balchin, 1994). Also the heavy government breastwork against monopoly which is one of the threats TESCOs are faced with because within the customer law, it is very faultfinding to note that protecting consumers and ensuring that entrepreneurs have the opportunity to compete in the market preservation is very important. Also TESCO indispensableness to look critically in the aspect of government policies on taxation because high taxation is one the study problems businesses face in the UK because it is never stable. The issues of government policies on heap restriction and implementation of new regulations could also affect in a way especially when there is free trade between the European Union which will be of TESCO benefit.ECONOMIC FACTORSThis is another environmental wo rk out which female genital organ make a colossal impact in TESCO. Take for stance the economic down turn faced in UK collectable to the unemployment which drastically reduced the demand of so many good more so affecting the demand required to produce such goods which is a major(ip) concern to TESCO since they are highly dependent on the UK market. In addition if TESCO had know the economy was heading for a recession, with the use of PEST framework compend it would have helped plan ahead. It is good to note that this chemical element place influence demand, cost, harm and profits.SOCIAL/ CULTURAL FACTORTESCO plc is one of the retail groceries in UK who has successfully address peoples social and cultural commands referable to the increment in the amount of non-food items for sale and this have sort of advance customer to move towards bulk obtain. The demographic changes like life style that is, the customers belief and attitudes have made TESCO to concentrate on added-va lue products and run. Another factor is population which has forced TESCO to have more interest in customers change magnitude demand for organic products and this has in many ship dealal help TESCO to strategies ways to drive cost out of the market.TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORSThe use of technology in marketing is one of TESCOs expansion strategies. It has enabled customers to pay their bills electronically thereby bring down long queues. Online marketing has also influenced the using of many TESCO products and this benefits both the company and its customers. This personalised service makes shopping more convenient for the customers and has positively affects the proceeds of TESCO plc.PORTERS FIVE FORCESThreat of New EntrantsThe UK grocery market is so utter(a) with very few competitors dominating the market. There are five major tell players in the UK grocery market namely Tesco, Asda, Sainsbury, Iceland and Safeway, all share the highest market share. With Tesco on top coupled with its huge investment and ravening operational tactics in product development, it is difficult in all ramifications for a new entrant in the market to pose a threat the business of Tesco.Suppliers Bargaining world powerUnderstanding that the suppliers bargaining advocator is very low, Tesco will not give room for a itty-bitty chain to dictate prises in the market. The ability of Tesco as a huge grocery in UK to source for cheaper supplies abroad ,has enabled them to negotiate outlays creation brought former by supplier which other small chains are not capable of meeting. For the fact that most of the major suppliers are scared of losing business to foreign supplier has influenced Tesco positively.Bargaining Power of ConsumersWhen Tesco introduced Loyalty card and mark Clubcard in 1995, it did not succumb to other grocery that it was Tescos strategy of customizing service to gain dominance when it comes to meeting customers needs. This strategy not only made much profit for Tesco but also enabled Tesco to get a countywide database of all its consumers. This initiative actually won lots of customers for Tesco and has become standardized. It is unspeakable to the customers that they can get two clubcard points for every 1 they spend in Tesco which means the more you spend in Tesco, the more clubcard points you make and these points can also be converted to coupons which can be redeemed for cash. The more the products that become standardized or undifferentiated, the lower the teddying cost, and hence, more authority is yielded to buyers. As theorized by Porter M. (1980).Threat of SubstituteThis threat can make great impact on Tesco plc when it comes to a product being substituted for another product which can make a customer switch to the alternative. This is mostly caused by the introduction of other small-scaled operations in the market. The demand of a particular product can be reduced if a customer sees an alternative in another market and for t hese reasons, Tesco are seek reduction of determines and modification of such products in the other banners they are operating on example Tesco Metro to avoid such threat.Bargaining Power of CompetitorsThere are wide deviate and variety of competitions in the grocery business either on the small and large scale. Tesco in the grocery business has long witnessed a significant growth in size of it since its holdment in 1924, though not the first to be establish in UK but currently the first of the top 10 grocery in operation in UK and the third largest global retailer based on revenue. Over the years, grocery business has remained so competitive that it triggered a high level of development by major competitors like Asda, Sainsbury, Iceland and Safeway which has made Tesco to be more innovative thereby making them the largest grocery business providing employment for millions of people in UK either in manufacturing or in retailing and since been known for their market dominance.SW OT ANALYSISSWOT analysis is a tool which could be used to audit an organisation and its internal and external environment. Tesco is the first of the top 10 grocery in UK with an pure record in product and format innovation. And with the introduction of online shopping, Tesco became the only food retailer to make online shopping profitable which puts them ahead of other competitors.STRENGTHSProducts with range of Prices Tesco has several kinds of product in the market. These products range from food, non-food products, home appliances, medicines and so with different prices on all the products. In Tesco you can get whatever product you want at an affordable price. The prices vary anyway, the higher the quality, the higher the price and vice versa and this depend on the choice of the customer.Growing supermarket space Tesco in the grocery business has long witnessed a significant growth in size since its establishment in 1924 and this is as a result of the growing population of consu mers patronising the company and their increasing demand of several products. affectionate cross off image Tesco is a household name in UK known for their market dominance in good quality and trustworthy product. It is because of Tesco strong brand image that most customers see great value in their services and this has earned the company lots of profits.Tesco Online Online marketing has also influenced the development of many TESCO products and this benefits both the company and its customers. This personalised service makes shopping more convenient for the customers and currently being used by over one million customers in UK. The use Tesco Online in marketing is one of TESCOs expansion strategies. It has enabled customers to pay their bills electronically thereby reducing long queues thus pitch simplicity and value to the market.WEAKNESSPrices Their price of goods poses lots of problem for Tesco plc. trying to satisfy their customers needs by cutting cost of their products eve n their services can lead to a reduced profit margin for their business. high up reliance on UK market Tescos reliance on UK market is also one major weakness because if at any time the economy faces any challenges, this will definitely affects the business of Tesco, so it very much advisable for Tesco to look beyond UK and increase its foreign outlets and selling other commercial items.OPPORTUNITIESInternet Tescos online successes is one great opportunities. Since the introduction of Tesco online, the use of technology in shopping has grown in quite a scant(p) space and moved into profitable status. Their website is so fully packaged all in all different from all other grocery site and since there are no matches in terms of comparisons, it remains an advantage on the side of Tesco.Intervention in Asian market Tescos intervention in the Asian market has serious positive implications in their growth internationally and this in no doubt will give Tesco an opportunity to develop its brand more so make Tesco much larger than they were due to Asias broad economies with huge growth forecast.Growth of non-food sales Tesco known for their cut-cost structure can initiate identical strategy to non-food retail and it is evident that Tesco capitalising on these opportunities are opening new store essentially for the sales of non-food items which has given Tesco a tremendous result in increased market share in UKTHREATSEconomic instability The unstable, unpredictable nature of the economy and political changes in UK pose lots of threat to Tesco and one critical example of these changes is the credit crunch which strokes the UK. This impacted on the consumers a lot because going by their low income, they had to go for products with low prices thereby paying less financial aid to higher priced brands and this can force a switch in Tescos price structure.Competition This has also been a persistent threat and this one major reason why Tesco will keep up with the price c uts so as not to lose their customers to major competitors like Asda and Sainsbury.High price of raw material The upsurge in cost of raw materials from both food and non-food could trigger poor production and this can impact Tesco overall profit margin.QUESTION 2DEVELOP A VISION, MISSION STATEMENT, OBJECTIVES AND halt MEASURES FOR TESCOThe study of mission statement express in the early 1970 s, and Drucker (1971) referred to them as a precursor to clear and realistic business objectives. As stated by Harrison and Enz(2005), An organizations mission statement provides an important vehicle for communicating ideals and a sense of directions and purpose to internal and external stakeholders. It can inspire employees and managers. It can also help organizational managers in resource-allocation decisions. With these definitions, it can be that explained that mission is what the organization is and its reason for existing whereas a vision is a forward-looking view of what the organizat ion wants to become. Drummond and Ensor (1999) defined the mission of an organization as the unique purpose that distinguishes it from other companies and defines the boundaries of its operations.VisionTescos vision is concentrated basically on their customers. They see themselves in many years to come as being the only grocery business in UK due their market development strategy.Mission statementTo ensure continued income streams to the business from our key customers in all segments by removing the impediments which prevents them from the optimal enjoyment of our product and services.With the in a higher place mission statement, it is assumed that Tescos mission is permanently dominate the market talent no room for any competitorsCRITICAL SUCCCESS FACTORSObjectivesThe objectives of an organization govern the potentials value of the organisation and it also shows the platform on which the organisation is built in terms of profitability. The following describes Tescos objectiveTesc o aims to minimize the cost of products and at the same time aim to earn high. Profit maximization is one major reason why a business will stand and Tesco sees selling at low price will attracts more customers thereby heavy(p) customers better chances of making choice in the quality and quantity of products at a valued price.Tesco need to ensure 100% customers satisfaction by offering good customers services and excellent Value for their money which differentiates them from their competitors. allegiance to their employees as well as to customers, ensuring that all their wants and needs are met primordial PERFORMANCES INDICATORFor Tesco to remain on top rather to maintain its specify in the top 10, the following measures need to be critically evaluatedTesco employees need have sound companionship of their products so as to make shopping not too complex for their customers. This can also give customers ideas of some products they are not aware of more so forcing out a change of cho ice in their decision to buy more.Customers satisfaction is one vital key to business success. If a customer is not comfortable with either the product or the service then it will be difficult for such business to exceed. In other words, Tesco actually need to improve more in their customer service.Tesco at all time need to assure customers quality brands and also services by investiture more in employee training.CORPARATE AND BUSINESS STRATEGIESTesco is an organization more voluminous in terms of revenue acquisition and customers than any other grocery market in UK and for it to maintain its current standard or create a wide margin in the market, a lot need to be done to achieve it objectives.Firstly, Tesco need to divert the attention of customer from non-food products to food products. To do this, they need not to concentrate their advertisement more on non-food products but also encourage their customers to eat more sea foods, fruits as well as vegetables. They should also emp hasis more on sales promotion of their own-labelled products on advert thus re-directing the customers usual orientation of mark products.The management need to put the quality of staffs into consideration not only the quality and quantity of their products. Arranging training programs will be let to evaluate their employees quality, such programs will enable them gather vast knowledge of their products more so keeping the goals of the organization alive in the employees.theoretically Tescos strategic development can also be analysed using Ansoffs hyaloplasm and BCG matrix

The Global Industry Of Festivals And Events Tourism Essay

The Global Industry Of feasts And Events Tourism EssayA globose industry of fiestas and impressions has grown and expanded since the 90s. Nowadays, fetes be recognized as atomic number 53 of the top maturement types of leisure- and tourism related phenomena (Dimmock and Tiyce, 2001). As Mintel International host (2006) suggests, fiestas are forecasted to grow a total of 106% in the next phoebe bird stratums period. South Australian Tourism Commission (1997, p. 2) suggests an easily apprehensible meaning of festival Festivals are celebrations of something the local anaesthetic society wishes to share and which involves the customary as participants in the love. Festivals must fuddle as a ancient objective a maximum amount of mickle participation, which must be an experience that is different from, or broader than day to day living. Festivals, and more specifically, unison Festival Organizations are increasing in number every year widely distributed. correspond to Frey (1994), the provision of music festivals has developed based on a stable increase in disposable incomes, accompanied by an change magnitude amount of conviction offered for holidays. Furthermore, another feature that settles music Festivals so popular, is the occurrence that music Festivals form yields which include a phase of activities associated with the music (Bowen and Daniels, 2005), dissimilar concerts which provide mainly live music carrying outs, rather than various fount attractions. unity of the most popular music Festivals in Greece for the last sextuplet years is the Synch Festival. The Synch Festival was born in 2004 at Lavrio Technological cultural Park, an ex industrial area of unique beauty, learned at bringing the partic and international audience, in touch with contemporary sounds and images. Music, arts and new technologies coexist in a two day festival. Keeping the pace with contemporaneousness Synch offers its audience the possibility to partake with some of the most interesting aspects of worldwide culture. Synchs main course is music but despite its focus on the various aspects of the contemporary electronic scene Synch denies all kinds of b turn backs and separations that lead to control or rigidifying musical expression. The musicians participating in the festival get down from different backgrounds and currents to share their ideas discouraging easy categorization creating musical hybrids that everlastingly evolve.An uncomm ba bank open-minded curatorial sensibility, tapping everything from experiemental microsound to minimal house and banging techno to local outfits using rock, jazz, regional music and electronic elements. The WireIts got the perfect end of industrial setting, a diverse multimedia programm, cutting edge electronic acts and classic live acts. One to watch Time Out capital of the United KingdomFalassi (1987) argues that the collective role of a festival is directly connected to value that a community looks upon as vital to its ideology, such as fond identity, historical continuity, and physical survival. Additionally, according to Arcodia and Robb (2000), a festival develops around the grading of unique procedure and around the festivity of important fonts. Thus, according to Usyal, Gahan and Martin (1993) a festival may be considered as the cultural resources of an area that make realizable the successful hosting of festival functionees. The phenomenal growth, coupled with increased consumer knowingness and choice, requires the industry to manage the sector effectively and efficiently to ensure uphold development and growth in the future (Yeoman, Robertson, Ali-knight , 2004, p. xix). Therefore, according to Arcodia and Whitford (2010) festivals are expanding worldwide as an increasing and lively sector of the tourism and leisure industry, which live with major economic, socio-cultural, and political impacts on the destination and on the host groups, if managed properly. alone the way through history, festivals eat up taken the forms of cultural traditions or have marked religious or historical occasions linked to the community staging the festival (Arcodia Robb, 2000). According to Earls (1993) historically, the way festivals celebrated special occasions was through art, ritual, and festivity they were seen as public meetings that make peoples joint wishes and dreams humankind and offer a evidential takings for a unique experience in their lives. The basic origins of this type of communal celebration which has cultural impressiveness to the host population (Pardy, 1991), net be traced back to the carnival of Europe. ( Arcodia, Whitford, 2010) The delineate characteristic of a special fount or festival is its transitoriness (Gilbert and Lizotte , 1998, pp. 73). This suggests that it would be difficult to encourage and maintain the same sense of occasion and enthusiasm, if such an upshot was to be held more often. Goldbl att (1997) defines a festival as a special suit that recognizes a unique moment in time with ceremony and ritual to retaliate specific admits(Goldblatt, 1997, pp.33).According to Yeoman et al. (2004) the intelligence agency festival derives from feast and means a time of celebration.Yeoman, et al. (2004) argue that the features of festivals and takingss are unique, thus no common model of management fits them all. These characteristics include intangibleness , harvest-timeion, often taking place at the same time as consumption, and perishability (Yeoman et al., 2004, pp.xx). Festivals and events have diverse levels of operating costs and they fall into both the not- for -profit and profit- do categories. They advise range from small-scale , locally based events, to large international festivals (Yeoman, et al, 2004). Previous studies on festival pauperism(Uysal et al,1996, Nicholson and Pearce, 2001, Crompton and McKay, 1997) jointly demonstrate that the type of the festiv al is a significant predictor of motives. As a result, further exploration on various types of festivals should be conducted, in enact to improve our ground of the relationship between the kind of the festival and the visitant motives. A significant characteristic of a festival is the sense of community, belonging and celebration engendered by an event, which is a communal and free societal meeting including a variety of media such as arts, performances and shows (Goldblatt, 1997). Cultural consumption is an intangible pleasure-seeking experience. The consumer experience in cultural products appears to have as its main elements the multisensorial, fantastic and emotional aspects of every consumer experience (Bourdeau, Paradis and Nyeck, 1997 Bourdeau, Decoster, Paradis Hirschman and Holbrook, 1982). In other words, it can be perceived as a self-gratifying consumer experience with an experiential perspective (Hirschman and Holbrook, 1982). The intangible characteristics of attenda nce at a cultural festival make the event a consumer facility. According to Bourdeau et al.( ) more generally, it is a voluptuary experience in which consumers use their senses. It is only after this hedonistic experience, when they leave the festival site, that they develop feelings of joy or dissatisfaction ( pp.1, in Bourdaeu, De coster Paradis,2001). Managers of a cultural scheme must supply an intangible, hedonistic experience but one that includes not only the basic table usefulness but peripheral overhauls as tumefy (Eiglier and Langeard, 1987). The basic service is the principal reason for attending. In the case of a music festival, it is the nitty-gritty of the event the live shows. Peripheral services are those surrounding the event such as festival information services. The intangible, hedonistic nature of a festival visit makes it difficult for managers to determine satisfaction levels among consumers. Swan and Combs (1976) have demonstrated empirically that when performance does not meet the consumers first moments, dissatisfaction results, and when performance does meet expectations, satisfaction results. Generally, the variance between expectations and performance correlates positively with feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Howard (1977, p. 57) defines satisfaction, from an expectancy theory perspective, as the consumers mental state of being adequately or inadequately rewarded for the sacrifice he or she has undergone. The degree of enough results from comparing actual sometime(prenominal) experience with the reward that was expected from the defect in terms of its potential to satisfy motives served by its product class. (Bourdeau, De Coster, Paradis, 2001) terasties allages One of the original service quality theories is that customers are satisfied when their judgment of the service they have received (perception) equals or exceeds what they expected Customer Satisfaction (CS)= Perceptions(P) =Expectations. This is co gnize as the gap analysis theory (Zeithalm et al., 1990) or Olivers expectancy disconfirmation(Oliver, 1997). Zeithaml et al. considered that the factors that trance customers formulation of their expectations are word of mouth , personal needs, external confabulations, and past experience. Johnson and Mathews (1997) noted that the expectations of a frequent user of a facility would rely more on the influence of past experiences than other sources of information(eg. Advertisements). Researchers have no way of knowing what a first-time users expectations are based upon. Dale (1994a) suggests that world class experiences are used to formulate expectations. Parasuraman et al. (1988) tried to set customer expectations in context by suggesting that they are what an organization should offer. (Williams and Buswell, , pp.63-64)(table , pp. 67)MOTIVATIONS The success of a festival is heavily dependent on the implementation of a strategic trade plan an intellectual of the relationship b etween a destination event and its visitors and the identification of target markets are critical factors in the process (Thomson and Schoefield, 2009). Festival organizers are likely to contend that their primary goal is to provide utmost quality, satisfying experiences that visitors perceive to be good value in order to increase the probability that the visitors entrust return in the future and/or recommend the festival to others in their social circle (Lee, Petrick and Crompton, 2007). Since competition among festivals and destinations is increasing, the need for information on festivals,specifically analysis of motivations for attending festivals and events(Getz, 1993), has become crucial. veridical attendance itself may be attributed to multiple motives or just a single motive.In order for the event organizers to manage to deliver a great experience, the event product definition is a vital step. The event product is a unique blend of activities, which are the tools for achie ving the overall event aims and satisfying customer needs. Event design should be customer orientated , and event organizers should create a mix that satisfies the largest number of potential customers na to allaksw ( Salem, Jones, Morgan, 2004, in Yeoman). Getz in 1997 pointed out the importance of the definition of the event product , by arguing that (oxi quote na to allaksw) many events suffer from a product orientation that is , they try to sell their event with little or no regard for what potential customers need , want, and impart pay for. foyer in 1992 identifies three important objectives of event marketing (oxi quotes, na to allaksw) look at their customer needs and motivations , develop products that meet these needs, and build a communication program which express the events purpose and objectives. Individuals, participating as audience at a festival or special event wish to satisfy their curiosity about place and people. Often they want to do what locals do and hop e the festival experience will give them entre to the shipway of life of a special(prenominal) place(Yeoman, 2004,pp.38). Participants wish to emerge from the event with experiences and stories to speak about back home. These people want to avoid unsafe situations , discomfort, doubts, worries, embarrassment, qualification too many complex decisions , or being treated as computer number and being made to feel a nuisance. It is a marketing truism that people do not buy products or services , they buy the expectation of benefits that satisfy a need. (oli I paragrafos Yeoman, Robertson, Ali-Knight, 2004) giauto na to allaksw)No matter what the reason is for hosting a festival or event , there is a wide range of customers , each with different expectations , and this will impact on the management processes considered for each individual festival or event. (Yeoman, et al.,2004, pp. xx) According to Grainger-Jones (1999, p.53) leisure is defined as the application of disposable time t o an activity which is perceived by the individual as either beneficial or enjoyable. Motivations are a hypothetical construct to define the operate forces of human behavior (Kroeber et al, 2003) and explain why people do what they do instead of choosing an alternative option. . The personal motivational drives of individuals are filtered and redirected by the social circles of workmates, family and friends (Burch, 1969). Therefore, the motives to attend a festival could vary from entertainment, socialization or excitement, to break out , or even relaxation .Needless to say, event organizers might have misconception of their customers motivation. Wicks and Fesenmaier (1993) examined the perceptual gap on customer expectations between visitor and vendors,identifying those areas of the event that need improvement. The same analogy also has applicability to the identification of the motivation gap that may exist between attendees and festival and event providers. As Fodness (1994) p oints out, the motivation represents the major driving power in explaining human behavior, although it is not the exclusive factor.(fODNESS, 1994)na to allaksw. Lee and Lee (2001) concluded that segmenting festival markets through motivations enables event managers to identify the strengths and opportunities of each marketand overhauls guarantee their satisfaction. In most situations where festival visitors are heterogeneous, segmenting these visitor groups and sagaciousness their characteristics based on festival motivations will be a powerful marketing tool, that enables event managers to enhanceand throw out event features preferred and valued by target segments (Formica Uysal, 1996, 1998).Crompton and McKay (1997) contend that event managers should strive to better understand the motives of festival attendance in order to design better products and services for them and because motives are a precursor of satisfaction and a factor in decision making, this in turn can lead to g reater attendance. Crompton and McKay (1997) studied visitormotivation within the festival content for the followingreasons (1) it allows matching the festivals program tovisitors needs (2) it helps safeguard visitor satisfaction byincreasing the chance of meeting the visitors diverse needsand (3) it warrants repeat visitation, which is essential forthe viability of the festival. Oakes( 2003) further contends that information regarding motivations can also be used to lure sponsors who are key to event funding. Schoefield and Thomson (2007) also meet It is critically important to identify festival visitor motivations and to measure the performance of festivals from the consumer perspective. They suggest that from a planning and management perspective it is vital to determine visitor satisfaction and behavioral intention with respect to repeat visits and to help identify the factors which affect visitor motivation and their experiential outcomes. (apo Gelder, Robinson, 2009,) Bowen a nd Daniels (2005) state that understanding why people go to music festivals can help planners get hold their marketing efforts to emphasize the attributes that best reflect the mission and goals of each event . Nicholson and Pearce (2001) believe that these factors will become increasingly important as the growing number and diversity of events, especially festivals, lead to heightened competition , in particular when events are initiated or expanded to encourage tourism and thus make headway local economies (Daniels, 2004). Apo Glastonbury pdf Getz (1993) also emphasized the importance of analyzing visitors motives for attending festivals andevents. Identifying such motivations is a prerequisite for planning event programs effectively and marketing them to visitors (Crompton McKay, 1997). Analysis of festival motivations also helps event managers to better position their festivals (Scott, 1996).PURPOSES OF THE STUDYBy understanding what drives and motivates participation, the fe stival management could probably gain better insight into a strategy to maintain attendees and to drew new ones to the festival (Van Zyl, 2006). The primary aim of the present look into is therefore to fill the gap in preceding(prenominal) research by determining what motivational factors push and pull visitors to attend the Synch Festival, held in Athens, Greece, and participate in it, and what are their expectations. Comparisons will also be made with the point of view of the manager of the organizing company. By understanding attendees motivations you can give the opportunity to the event organizers to tailor promotions and develop desired services.The research objectives are To explore and review the literature relevant to the motivation and expectations of people attending leisure events, with particular emphasis on music festivals.To canvas what motivates people to attend the Synch Festival and their expectations of the event.To explore and review the ways in which the Sync h Festival is managed and organized, and in particular , the degree to which (if at all) customer expectation and motivation is considered.To report the findings of my research and, where appropriate, make recommendations and suggestions to the event organizers , as well as fill the literature gap as far as the exploration of festival motivations at a national level, is concerned.To achieve this, the clause is structured as follows the literature review is followed by a explanation of the method of research, then a discussion of the results, a discussion of the findings and their implications and,finally, last(a) remarks.

Rethinking The Deterrence Theory Criminology Essay

Rethinking The Deterrence Theory Criminology EssayWith much popular appeal, the archetype of disincentive has been widely accepted and understood, by judges and parliamentarians alike, to be a central tenet in the principles of sentencing and the wider punish up to(p) system in England and Wales. Significantly, division 142(1) of the turn Justice Act 2003 expressly enjoins sentencers to guide account of determent as one of the purposes of sentencing when determining what and how severe the appropriate punishableisation in a given case should be. In practice, as bullying is widely sensed by judges, non wholly in the side of meat and welsh jurisdiction, but also elsewhere in the general law world, as a primary means through which to afford public protection, in many cases involving adult attainenders, precedence has tended to be given to bullying over around differently considerations in the interest of the community.3Nevertheless, tensions be palpable betwixt intimidation and other(a) sentencing aims.4The question of, for instance, whether punishment should be an end in and of itself, or whether it ought to be understood as a facilitator of the ideal of offender rehabilitation, frame in the front line of critical chats into sentencing in the contemporary era.5 indeed, it has twist increasingly necessary to deliberate upon the worthiness and value of determent not hardly in the context of sentencing but also to the purpose of the wide-cut penal system.Within this context, the following essay will proceed by first providing an overview of the paradigm of deterrence within the broader framework of the contemporary penal system. It will then(prenominal) attempt to identify and question the honorable and verifiable underpinnings thereof. Further, it struggles that from a criminological or sociological perspective, efforts to achieve disability effect, in surgical incisionicular where the individual offender is refered, ar in large trigger off counterproductive. Finally, this essay observes, whilst arguing that deterrence as a penological possible action is morally and semiempirically unsound, that it would be impractical to assume that deterrence will be abandoned altogether in incline sentencing law in the unspoiled future. Rather, the more prudent and reasonable authority to cost the upshot would be to continue to observe the constantly evolving concept in an era of solid amicable, cultural, policy-making and economic change. In conjunction with other penal theories, elements of deterrence will appear to remain a highly influential sentencing tool. exhibition of the deterrence theoryDeterrence is one of the oldest paradigmss in the history of criminological and jurisprudential inquiry. As early as in the early 18 century, the primary purpose of state imposed punishments was said to be the lessening of abhorrence, by means of terrifying potential offenders into obeying the law.6The punis hment of prison and the deterrence it brings virtually, by the relinquishment of the wakeless exoneratedoms, were onceived of as the best means of reducing offend in modern parliamentary procedure7.Johnson defines the verb deter as to discourage by terror, to fright from anything.8Deterrence can also be defined as including two separate aspects, depending on the class of people being say at, namely individual ( specialized) deterrence and general deterrence.9Translated into judicial language in the specific context of sentencing, a Hong Kong judge, HHJ Ching Y Wong SC, drew the distinction and thenA deterrent sentence may be in personam that is, individual or in rem that is, general. Normally if the circumstances that pertain to an offender atomic number 18 much(prenominal) that the court is of the opinion that it mustiness be brought home to him that he is not to sanctify such offensives again, for example, a repeat offender, a deterrent sentencein personamis proper . When an offence is, inter alia, so prevalent or is so serious within its class, and the court is of the opinion that those of like thinkers argon to be strongly discouraged from committing the same or similar offences, then a deterrent sentencein remis called for.10In simpler terms, specific deterrence is directed at the offender in question and is judge to pr steadyt her from reoffending by the imposition of punishment general deterrence, on the other hand, focuses on the public at large, and prevents potential offenders from engaging in condemnable conduct in the first place.11With its roots in the classical and utile thinking of detestation,12the deterrence theory is often comp atomic number 18d to a cost-benefit analysis performed in the economic field.13Underlying the theory is the assumption that all offenders, and potential offenders, argon by nature rational number, the hallmark of their fulfills being the pursuit of maximum entertainment and minimum pain. It follo ws that, as offenders choose, rationally and voluntarily, to commit crime, they respond readily to the perceived cost and benefits of their actions.14As Lundman explains,If their calculations suggest that perceived benefits will exceed likely costs, then rational offenders commit crimes in anticipation of enjoying rewards. However, if these calculations lead twists to pause that costs will exceed rewards, then the rational course of action is to seek gratification in ways other than wretchedity.15In other words, if the calculation of the consequences of offending leads to the conclusion that there is more to be confused than there is to be gained from committing crime, the potential offenders should be naturally deterred.16Thus, within the utilitarian framework illegals are invariably errant, though pacify rational, individuals whose perversity or anti-social self interests serve to offer some perceived benefits of offending.17It is in this trip out that Bentham passionately argues for the usefulness of deterrence, on the ground that the threat of punishment is the crush employed to restrain possible offenders from commission of crime, from which the pain of punishment competency result.18Underlain by these ideas of rationality and self-interest, for deterrence theorists there are certain qualities necessary to an strong deterrent punishment. As Newburn elaborates on these qualities first enunciated by Beccaria19, punishment must come with proof and be enforced consistently, and that it does should be acknowledged by the offender there must be celerity in the law, with punishment coming as promptly as possible, in order that some(prenominal) the public and the offender himself could see the relationship between the punishment and the offence as inevitably causal and finally, it must be properly symmetrical to the crime, namely one that is relatively mild and moderate and inflicts pain incisively exceeding the advantage derivable from the crime.20 Moral puzzles with the deterrence theoryAn furiousness on deterrence often leads to a harsher sentence than the offender would other than be deemed to deserve.21The Court of Appeal has held, relying on the Strasbourg jurisprudence, that the legitimate object of deterrence can, in appropriate cases, amply justify such sentences.22It seems apparent that in such cases the sentencing aim of deterrence can be paramount. Whilst weight would, in theory, shake been accorded to the interests of the offender, where the alleged crimes are considered as threatening the wider community, the utilitarian theory of deterrence demands that individual rights and proportionality, in its narrow sense, subsume under the societal interests.23Young is critical of this judicial use of deterrence as a sentence enhancing factor.24He argues, not unconvincingly, that the theory is arguably inconsistent with native notions of justice.25Indeed, why a persons liberty need be sacrificed for the educational ti nct it will hurt on others is a legitimate question to pose. This concern has been shared by del Vecchio, who emphatically stated that the human person endlessly bears in himself something sacred, and it is therefore not permissible to treat him merely as a means towards an end outside of himself.26A more fundamental moral weakness of the notion of deterrence pertains to the coherency of its ideological acquaint rationality. As in the analysis in Part I, deterrence has traditionally built upon the premise that individuals will desist from reoffending because of the fear inherent in the discipline and punishment meted out by the state. In a moral sense, then, a semblance of common reasoning is central to the application of the utilitarian disposition of deterrence. Yet, as the famous philosopher John Rawls persuasively argues, there is no reason to assume that our sense of justice can be adequately characterised by familiar common sense precepts or derived from the more transpa rent learning principles.27It seems indeed somewhat simplistic to assume offenders as rational beings before or in the course of committing a crime. As the business firm Office rightly conceded in 1990, offenders very seldom weigh up the possibilities prior to their conduct and typically do not act only after on rational premeditation.28In many instances criminals need to take their decisions hastily. Two young males fighting in a public street, for example, are unlikely to have ever concept about the consequences of their actions in the high temperature of the moment.29Moreover, as Cornish and Clarke argue, the decision-making process of offenders is remarkably limited in their understanding of possibilities, potentials and consequences.30For instance, most petty criminals are often badly informed about the criminal liability, let alone the penalties, associated with the crimes they commit.31As a result, even accept that offenders are rational, it would be difficult, if not impo ssible, for offenders to have accurately balanced the costs and benefits of the commission of the criminal act.32The weakness becomes even more obvious in the case of such rarer but usually more horrendous crimes as those involving violence, the offenders of which are characteristically not reasoning. Hudson plausibly argues that crimes of such kind are usually committed without a prior careful calculation of risk.33 c fall away killings, for instance, are not rationally planned, but are impulsive and compulsive by strong emotion.34In other instances, such are crimes that consider intentionality where offenders commit crime regardless of the risk.35Interestingly, probably comprehending the moral difficulties existing therein, English courts have rarely invoked deterrence as a standalone ground for an otherwise disproportionate sentence. It is often relied on in conjunction with other penal theories. Deterrence has, according to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Righ ts, customarily been recognised as the twin of punishment.36Thus some commentators have done for(p) further in contending that, in fact, punitiveness resides in the epicentre of the contemporary penal policies supposedly informed by the utilitarian principles of deterrence.37For them, the current political discourse and policy initiatives blame the offenders, silence excuses and see the punishment of the wrongdoer as the proper response.38Deterrence, then, has not been upheld on any principled basis, but has rather been reduced to a piety that has to be upheld whatever the functional benefits.39As a result, from a philosophic perspective, classical utilitarianism upon which the theory of deterrence is based would seem quite a futile to do justice to the mode in which many of our actual ends matter to us.40The epirical (in)validity of the deterrence theoryIt seems fair, to say that the empirical literature examining deterrence has not yielded enormous success different studies often tend to contradict severally other, on occasions directly and completely.41Some evidence suggests that swift punishments do not abate the incidence of subsequent crimes any more than delay punishments, owing to the cognitive capacity of humans to imagine.42More research efforts have been put into the consideration of the other two aspects of deterrence. By and large, there is some evidence, albeit anecdotal in one way or another, showing that certainty of punishment has a greater deterrent effect than does severity of punishment.43However, even this is more than what Radzinowicz and King have been prepared to accept. They quite sensibly argue that, more precisely, it is the certainty of detection or intervention, not of punishment, that is the more polar element in deterrence.44Lending support to this view, commenting on figures in the fall in States, Cornish and Clarke suggests that offenders are more likely to be put off by the immediate fear of exposure and being caught, as unlike to the threat of some penalty relatively remote in time.45Thus it may not be any surprise when Gough concludes that deterrence should only be a minor consideration, if occupying a role to play at all, for the purposes of sentencing.46What is needed, in Goughs opinion, is tougher enforcement and targeted strategies that increase detection certainty, rather than any toughening of sanctions.On the other hand, there is a more critical view that the reduction of crime in these studies cannot be ascribed to deterrence. What have been influential might well have been the incapacitating effect of the punishment or other myriad variables quite apart from the risks of punishment, including the motive for the crime, the strength of the temptation, the strength of inhibitions or moral inconsistency against it.47In any case, all these studies, deriving as they do from crime statistics, must be interpreted with caution, whether they be supportive or uninterested of the deterrence pr inciples. After all, there are no such things as empirical impartialitys as such.48In determining whether or not deterrence should be regarded as being beset by empirical difficulties, the accurate discussion would prove moot if one does not appreciate the problem of interpreting crime statistics in the first place.Notoriously, any organised way of understanding about crime, criminals and crime control framed in definitional and empirical terms is intricately problematic.49Ultimately, criminality is a natural by-product of such industrial, capitalist experience as economic growth, the easier availability of social opportunities, and the increase recognition of individual liberties.50It is essentially a social construct, varying as it does across time, place and people.51Viewed from such a perspective, deterrence is but part of a means devised by the state to statistically manage the social problem of crime.52Put in this wider social and political perspective, the extent to which d eterrence is, just as punishment, thought to be a fundamentally alpha social theory inescapably reflects the broader political economy of the urban society in which one lives.53As such, although crime data and criminal statistics are ostensibly transparent and open manifestations of offending patterns, to divorce the quantifiable empirical data from the broader politicisation of crime would be an unrealistic exercise provided the complex settings in the modern liberal democracy such as this country, in which crime, sociology and political economy are inextricably intertwined.54Doubts have therefore historically been material body onto the verity of the official figures with the most pessimistic criminological interpretations suggesting that crime statistics are universally doctored, and thus of limited worth to the understanding of the relationship between crime, the state and punishment.55In the final analysis, imagining crime figures as being free from bias would be to ignore th e tension between broad stimulus generalization and the specification of empirical particulars,56and the interpretation thereof will inevitably entails an also objective view of an inherently subjective phenomenon.57The anti-deterrent effects of punishment a criminological perspectiveSome criminologists do not merely fade out deterrence as unconvincing, but have gone further in arguing that, quite far from producing the intended result, fear of punishment might sometimes lead directly to the commission of crime. It is possible that a criminal who has already offended, but not yet apprehended, feels that they have little to lose from further offending, because they have to be punished anyway. As Taylor cites as a striking example, at some point in the last century, a substantial minority of unmarried women in Scotland have been driven to commit infanticide exactly because of the fear of being publicly humiliated as a punishment for adultery.58For those who have been apprehended an d punished, further offending behaviour is still not impossible under the estimateling theory, under which criminality is to be thought of as a quality created inevitably when punitive sanctions are use to behaviour considered to be offending.59The offender takes on a criminal individuation when he is labelled as such by a cheat on of social reactions, including and following the imposition of an official sanction, which has the effect of isolating her from society.60Her probability to live by legitimate means whilst being labelled criminal would quite conceivably be reduced considerably, and resort might then have to be had to illegitimate ways of life. In this way the label is dramatised to the extent that it becomes entrenched and internalised.61In this light, the labelled, stigmatised and socially isolated, have to accept their locating as criminals and rebuild their lives accordingly, leading to a greater degree of deviance.62In this sense, punishment within the context of deterrence may in truth be counterproductive in reducing incidence of recidivism.63With all the veto social interactions that punishment entails, a sentence which speaks to the deterrence of the individual offender appears to reinforce the self-prophecy of criminality, render reintegration into the conventional world difficult, and a criminal charge almost inevitable.64Thus punishment with a deterrent element may ironically result in the promotion of the kind of activities that it is designed to prevent. terminus Abandoning deterrenceor not?Deterrence has for the most part been discounted as an effective and justifiable onset to sentencing by academics, in particular criminologists, who are often more willing to consider the causes in addition to the consequences of criminal activity.65However, the popular appeal of the notion as a commonsense approach to sentencing appears to persist to this day.Given the important case of Attuh-Benson,66it seems unlikely that attempts, however able and sincere, to bring the criticisms levelled against the usefulness of deterrence before the courts would be of any avail. at that place the Court of Appeal forcefully pronounced that if a different approach is to be adopted it should be in response to guidance from the Sentencing Guidelines Council who may wish to consider this matter.67After all, it is important to bear in mind that the way in which the state responds to criminality has always constituted an inexorably divisive conundrum with hardly any consensus as to what ought to represent a just punishment.68And sentencers, even those of the eminence and seniority of the Lord Justices of Appeal, will intelligibly consider and defer to the legislative objectives set forth in the Criminal Justice Act 2003, one of those being deterrence. Indeed, according to established principles of the common law, this is not an area in which the court should, in the words of Borins DCJ, school term in the Canadian Supreme Court, pass on the wisdom of Parliament.69As such, discourses of deterrence are likely to remain a distinguishing feature of the English sentencing policy, as in elsewhere in the world.(4172 words)Table of casesCanadaCiccone(1974) 7SASR 11October, 113Guiller (1985) 48 CR (3d) 226Luxton(1990) 58 ccc (3d) 449Smith (1987) 34 CCC (3d) 97England and WalesAttuh-Benson 2004 EWCA Crim 3032Bieber 2008 EWCA Crim 1601Brown v Stott2001 2 WLR 817Holloway(1982) 4 Cr. App. R. (S) 128Howells19991 both ER50Sargeant (1974) 60 Cr App R 74Zampa(1984) 6 Cr. App. R. (S) 110European Court of Human RightsEzeh Connors v. United Kingdom(2004) 39 EHRR 1Hong KongAG v Tang King-ming1986 HKLR 211HKSAR v Hiroyuki Takeda 1998 1 HKLRD 931 secretaire for Justice v Ma Ping-wah 2000 2 HKLRD 312

Databases, Forms, and Reports Essay -- Database Organization Design Es

Databases, Forms, and Reports This paper will discuss databases, forms and reports. wherefore has the use of databases increased dramatically? What factors should be considered when designing a database and why? How would you go about designing forms and reports from scratch? In conclusion, a total will be given along with closing thoughts.Database UsageA database is an nonionized collection of information or data. It is a collection of organized information in which a computer can easily get hold of and display different fields of data. Databases have been in use since the soonest days of electronic computing, but the vast majority of these were custom programs compose to access custom databases. Unlike modern systems which can be apply to widely different databases and needs, these systems were tightly linked to the database in order to pip speed at the price of flexibility. As computers grew in capability this tradeoff became increasingly unnecessary, as a number of genera l-purpose database systems emerged. With the implementation of relative and object-oriented databases, companies found that the use of databases were much more productive and cost effective. productivity and cost effectiveness being two of the main factors as to why the use of databases has increased dramatically over the years. Most recently in that respect has also become a growing interest in utilize company data to improve business exercise. Queries around business performance analysis were the top datab...

History And The Human Sciences As Systems Of Knowledge :: essays research papers

What be the main difficulties valet de chambre scientists confront when trying to provide explanations of valet de chambrekind behaviour? What methods render been invented to circumvent these difficulties and to minimize their influence on the results that are obtained?Although many an(prenominal) people in the field of human acquaintances try to redeem their disciplines to be recognized as pure sciences, there are many differences that distinguish the native sciences from the human sciences. There is a certain praise that comes with the natural sciences that people in the human sciences crave, but human sciences foundation never be like the natural sciences. This is what causes there to be difficulties with human scientists trying to explain their science. They lack the definite, and factual ground on which the natural sciences are based. When a natural scientist hypothesises that when he heats some water to nose candy degrees, it will boil. And then after an experiment, it is shown that it does, one can not fence that perhaps on another day the water wouldnt palpate like boiling at 100 degrees, or that perhaps it was nevertheless boiling at that temperature because there were people watching. Water boiling at 100 degrees is a scientific fact. It will occur e truly season the experiment is carried out. However, in the field of human sciences, these facts do not exist, and this makes it very difficult for a human scientist to prove any of his theories, or expect on situations with any authority. The reason for this is that the study of human sciences involves, obviously, human behaviour. mankind behaviour does not follow the same patterns that are observed with particles of matter, or certain metals, it is almost totally unpredictable. However, the human sciences do use kindred methods of attaining knowledge to the natural sciences. The methods by which the human scientist attains knowledge has the same staple fiber principles to that of the natural scientist. They have hypotheses which they test through observing, and analysing their observations. However, in the natural sciences, the beholder is quite distinct from the experiment, as an astronomist is distinct from the planets and stars that he is observing. Whereas, in the human sciences, a human is the observer, and humans are the experiment. This complicates things. In every science there are theories. In the natural sciences these theories can be proved true or false, and therefore it can be determined whether these theories have an effect the result of the experiment.

The Power of Love in Moulin Rouge and To Dance With the White Dog Essay

The Power of Love in Moulin Rouge and To jump With the discolour Dog The power of make do is exposed in the films Moulin Rouge and To trip the light fantastic toe With the snowy Dog. In each movie, each individual must catch obstacles within themselves in order to overcome the obstacles in their relationships. Although the fill out dual-lane by each couple is different, both cases of love ar real and run deeply. Satine and Sam Peek each handle their romantic relationships otherwise according to their situations. The film, Moulin Rouge, takes rank during the Bohemian period in which things such as truth, beauty, and love are key elements to live by. Christian, A young author falls deeply in love with Satine, the star dancer of the Moulin Rouge. They are forced to keep their love for each other a dark because a Duke wants Satine for himself and has force the funder for Christians play. The Duke also promises Satine a chance to become a real actress. When Christian and Satines relationship is found out by the Duke, their lives become endangered and though they were able to be together in the end, as was foretold through with(predicate)out the movie, Satine dies, leaving Christian with a disillusioned view of love. To Dance with the White Dog is a movie about love as well. An elderly widower, Sam Peek, is forced to deal with the sudden death of his married woman after over fifty years of marriage. Throughout the movie his recollections of adroit times spent with her are shown to the audience. Peeks children and his own illnesses cause him to suffer through the entire ordeal of dealing with losing his spouse and true love. One day, a very white dog appears at Peeks doorstep and from that point on that dog seems to ... ...for so long that having someone try to take her place was simply inconceivable. Maybe the backgrounds of Sam versus the background of Satine made the way they chose what they did in their lives so di fferent. Possibly, the fact that To Dance With the White Dog was actually an flier of a true event made a difference when canvass to the fictitious story, Moulin Rouge. Whatever the reason, each individual proved that true love can overcome all obstacles with the exception of death. And even that will not limit the longevity of love. Sam Peek and Satine each showed their undying love for their mate in different ways but managed to get the pass on across to them just the same. Works Cited Moulin Rouge. Dir. Baz Luhmann. Twentieth Century Fox. 2001. To Dance With the White Dog. Dir. Glenn Jordan. Hallmark Hall of Fame. 1993.

The Importance of Product Quality :: Business Management Quality Control

The select of the product that is being made is real important to a confederacy whatever they are making. The higher the timbre if a product the more the company underside charge for that product. If the company makes a low quality product that is not very full(a) people will not buy it, also if people can find a similar product at a demoralize price and higher quality they will buy that. When a commerce makes a product they must decide on the following things what is the last(a) level of quality that is acceptable for the product? who is responsible for the quality bidding a manner of quality entertain that will be use that dose not effect the cost to severally What is the BSI? The BSI (British Standards Insatiate) is responsible for saddle horse standards that products must be made to. They set standards for very product that is made, this room that products are made to a high standard. When a product complies with the BSI standar ds it is assumption a kite mark, this tells the consumer that product meets their standards. Methods of quality control Methods of quality control Traditional TMQ (Total quality management) Description In this rule acting of quality control, the quality is checked at the goal of chain of production. In this method it leave to one person to check the product. Also in this method the workers on a piece rate so they got paid for what they made. In this method every one is responsible for the quality control. Instead of checking at the end of production, it is checked as the products are made at regular intervals. This room that the quality control is done in such a federal agency that every one is involved. This method got rid of the piece rate. Advantages / Disadvantages In this method of quality control is the reasonability of just one person. Also in this method as people are paid for what they make,

Physics of a Car Essay -- Physics Car Driving machine Essays

Physics of a CarThe average driver doesnt conceptualise about what keeps their rail simple machine despicable or what keeps them on the road, exclusively thats because they dont conduct to. The average driver doesnt have to worry about having enough downforce to keep them on the road or if they will reach the adhesive limit of their simple machines tires slightly a turn. These are the things are the cable car designers, professional drivers, belt along fossa cat crews, serious sports car owners, and physicist think about. Physics are an important character of every sports and racing car design. The stylish curves and ground effects on sports cars are usu aloney there not just for form but function as well allowing you to go speeds over 140 mph in most serious sports cars and remain on the road and in reasonable control.The aerodynamic efficiency is the single most important grammatical constituent in designing a competitive car for professional racing or getting the car m odel on the front of a Car and Driver or Motortrend. Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of gases on aspirations and the forces make waterd by this motion. The Bernoulli effect is one of the most important behind car design. The Bernoulli order states that the pressure of a fluid, in gaseous or transparent state, varies inversely with speed or velocity and a slower moving fluid will exert more pressure on and object than the same fluid moving slower (Yager). The goal of car designers is to present the air passing under a car move rapid than the air passing over the car. This causes the air passing over the car to create more downforce than the air passing under the car creates upforce creating a force additional to the cars weight pushing the car to the road. Large amounts of downforce are needed to keep light cars grounded at last speed and keep to cars from sliding around turns at high speeds.The Venturi government issue is also an important in aerodynamic design. The Venturi Effect states that as a fluid, in gaseous or liquid state passes through a narrow home its speed increases (Yager). This is the reasoning behind keeping cars as close to the ground as they can be safely. The narrow space between the car and the ground increases the speed of the air flowing beneath it causing a decrease in pressure to do the Bernoulli Effect and increase in downforce. The Venturi Effect is the reason for front ground effects, which bear small air ducts or venturi tunnels.... ...both worlds for its purpose, the dragster. The Dragster has extremely wide rear tires for speedup and to keep it going straight. The dragster has extremely thin tires in the front to narrow ringlet resistance and because handling is not a concern the car goes in a straight line it does not need to turn.In order to have a straightawaying and efficient car all these things I have discussed need to be taken into consideration. A fast car should be designed with aerodynamic surfaces for a parallelism of uttermost production of downforce and minimum drag creating surfaces. It should have as small an railway locomotive as possible to reduce mass and reduce the necessary size of it of the frontal area, but a large enough engine to be able to produce enough horsepower to be able to create more force than the resistance the car faces to accelerate and enough to balance with those forces at high speeds. The tires should be wide enough for fast acceleration and good cornering but not so wide it creates large amounts of rolling resistance. Your overall best example of such a car would be formula one races or Indy cars because they have to have good handling, fast acceleration and reach and maintain high speeds.

Rock Bands Essay -- essays research papers

There have been every last(predicate) pleasings of different types of joust bands throughout the years. Most of the bands have had a different type of style. altogether of these different types of style are what has shaped todays music. most of the bands from the earlier times were The Beatles, AC/DC, Guns and Roses and the Bee Gees. The Beatles were the greatest and most powerful morsel of the list era. They introduced more innovations into popular music than any other inclination band of the 20th century. The Beatles grabbed a hold of the attention in 1964 and never let go for the next six years. The Beatles were the first British rock group to achieve worldwide prominence. The Beatles knew each other and had already been play together in Liverpool for about five years before they had begun having eruption records. As composers, their craft and melodic inventive were the best. As singers, both bottom Lennon and Paul McCartney were among the best and most expressive voca lists in rock and as performers they were exciting and photogenic. Guitarist and teenage rebel John Lennon got hooked on rock and roll in the mid fifties and formed a band called the Quarrymen at his high school. Around 1957, the Quarrymen were joined by some other guitarist, Paul McCartney. Soon another guitarist, George Harrison, joined them. The quarrymen changed people throughout the 50s eventually reducing to the three core guitarist who had be themselves. The Quarrymen changed their name to the Silver Beatles but soon dropped the Silver to become solely The Beatles. Lennons art college friend, Stuart Sutcliffe, joined the band on bass. Finding a permanent drummer was hard until in the summer of 1960, Pete Best joined. The group was laboured to expand its repertoire, tighten up its chops, and invest its show with enough wild energy to keep its rowdy crowds satisfied. Sutcliffe soon quit and McCartney took over on the bass. Harrison settled in as lead guitarist and Lennon h ad rhythm guitar. In the middle of the 1961 the Beatles made their first recordings in Germany. The Hamburg Stint was notable for gaining the Beatles sophisticated, elegant fans. In 1961, the Beatles exploding popularity caught the attention of a local record store proprietor Brian Epstein, who soon became the bands manager. In 1962, Sutcliffe tragically died from a brain hemorrhage. The Beatles were signed by Martin in the m... ...comber Nightclub. They eventually got their own local television show in Brisbane. Some time after that they took on the name the Bee Gees. In 1962, they land their first recording contract with the Festival Records label in Australia, debuting with the angiotensin converting enzyme Three Kisses of Love. Their first English recording New York Mining accident 1941 was released in mid-1967, it made the top 20. The Bee Gees single Massachusetts was a map topper in England and launched the group on their first wave of stardom. In 1981, the groups new LP, Living Eyes, was recorded but didnt even strike the Top 40. The Bee Gees remained active until the death of Maurice in January of 2003. He died from cardiac bind at age 53. Soon, Robin and Barry decided to quit performing as the Bee Gees. Some of the bands from the earlier times were The Beatles, AC/DC, Guns and Roses and The Bee Gees. All of these bands had a genuine style which helped shape todays music. Some of the bands used their self-aggrandizing reputation to help sell their music, when some used the cooler, preppy boy kind of style. However, it seems that all of the bands no matter what the reputation were, good or bad, it grabbed all types of audiences.

Recreational Marijuana Should NOT Be Legal Essay -- Anti Marijuana Ess

The first law that regarded hemp in America essential farmers to grow hemp in the year 1619 for clothing, rope, and other materials, but as early as 1840, doctors recognized the medical applications of marijuana, and the drug was freely exchange in pharmacies for over a century. (Rich and Stingl). In 1937, the use and possession of marijuana was made illegal, but before 1937 marijuana was freely bought, sold, grown, and used.(Rich and Stingl). In 1970 the relation back decided to classify marijuana as a schedule oneness drug, which has made the legalization more difficult, schedule one drugs are considered dangerous, habit-forming, and cod no medical benefits.(Rich and Stingl). hemp fits the schedule one drug categorization be gravel marijuana is dangerous to peoples health, has been found to be addictive if used daily, and also has no medical benefits because marijuana evict cause more health problems than it can cure.Recreational marijuana should not be legalized because of the many negative health effects it has on a person. marihuana has a big effect on the lungs and when marijuana is smoked it can cause harm to the lungs. The smoke from marijuana has cancer causing substances in it. take in marijuana can cause large air sacs, called bullae, to form. Bullae unremarkably form in young marijuana smokers (less than 45 years old.) (Drake and Slatore). hemp smoke has the same harmful chemicals that tobacco products contain, and marijuana smokers develop lung damage because of this. The fact that marijuana smokers hold the smoke in their lungs longer than tobacco smokers and there is no filters in bongs, bowls, blunts, or joints, there is no practiced way to smoke marijuana. Blunts are the wrapping of a cigar filled with marijuana, a... ...re wellness Effects? WebMD, Web MD Health New, n.d. Web 2 Feb 2014.Drake, Matthew G., and Christopher G. Slatore. Smoking cannabis and the Lungs. American Thoracic Society Patient Information Series. 187. (2013 ) n. page.Print.Marijuana Abuse. National Institute on dose Abuse The Science of Drug abuse and Addiction. NIH, n.d. Web. 4 Feb 2014.Rich, Alex K. Stingl, Alexander. Legalization of Marijuana An Overview. Points of project Legalization of Marijuana (2013)1. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 4 Feb. 2014United recites. National Highway commerce Safety Administration. Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets. Washington, DC Washington StateWright, George Newton, Heather. Counterpoint There Are No Good Reasons to Legalize Marijuana. Points of View Legalization of Marijuana (2013) 2 Points of View Reference Center. Web. 4 Feb 2014

Disease, Sickness, Death, and Decay in Hamlet Essay -- Shakespeare Ham

Death, Sickness, and Decay in settlement Decay is defined as a gradual decline deterioration, indisposition as any departure from health. Both have many forms physical, psychological, social, and so on Multiple object lessons of illness and deterioration can be found in the tragedy settlement. In this drama, Shakespeare uses imagery of decay and disease and the emotional and moral decay of his characters to enhance the standard pressure of the play. The drama Hamlet abounds with images of decay and disease. aeriform bodies are described in this manner in Act I Horatio says that the moon Was sick al well-nigh to doomsday with eclipse, and in Act III, Hamlet says that the moon is thoughtsick at his mothers sin. Abstract ideas such as wealth and cessation are also associated with such imagery by Hamlet in Act IV This is thimposthume of much wealth and peace, / That inward breaks, and shows no elbow grease without / Why the man dies. In addition, in Act I Laertes uses an exa mple from plant lore to convince his sister Ophelia to preserve her virginity The canker galls the infants of the leakage Too oft before their buttons be disclosed, And in the morn and molten dew of youth Contagious blastments are most imminent. Furthermore, in Act I the ghost uses words associated with disease to describe his poisoning and death The leperous distillment, whose offspring Holds such an enmity with blood of man That swift as mercury it courses through The natural gates and alleys of the body, And with a sudden vigor it doth posset And curd, equivalent eager droppings into milk, The thin and wholesome blood. So did it mine, And a most instant tetter barked about Most lazarlike with vile and loa... ...this play. The gentle wind of disease serves to ascend the audiences disgust for the situation. Secondly, disease leads to death, so this figuratively diseased society is doomed. Because of this sensory faculty of doom, there is a slight foreshadowing of the plays tragic end. The tragic atmosphere is enriched by the motif of disease and decay. The atmosphere of the play is reinforced by imagery of decay and disease and the emotional and moral decay of the characters. This atmosphere is an integral part of the play as a whole and contributes greatly to its impact upon the audience. Shakespeares skill in weaving this motif into the play is turn up of his genius as a playwright and quality of his writings. Works ConsultedShakespeare, William. The disaster of Hamlet. ca. 1600-1601. Ed. Edward Hubler. A Signet Classic. New York Penguin Publishers,1963.